The World, 1789–1900: Unit Review

The linked French (political) and Industrial (economic) revolutions, a term made famous by Eric Hobsbawm.

Evaluative.

Primary.

Long-term: the unequal estates system, the frustrated bourgeoisie or Enlightenment ideas. Short-term: royal debt, the 1788 harvest failure or the Estates-General deadlock.

That sovereignty resides in the nation (popular sovereignty).

Women, poorer "passive" citizens, or enslaved people in the colonies.

Jean-Jacques Dessalines.

Napoleon sent an army to restore control, and slavery had been restored in Guadeloupe, so independence was the only way to secure freedom.

France's demand that Haiti pay 150 million francs (later reduced to 90 million) to compensate former slave owners, in exchange for recognition.

Kept: legal equality for men; end of feudal privilege. Limited: wives placed under husbands' authority.

Any two: legitimacy, balance of power, compensation, preventing revolution.

It removed the Spanish king, leading colonists to form juntas and move toward independence.

Bolívar (north) and San Martín (south).

Declared in 1822 by Pedro, the Portuguese king's son; a monarchy; relatively peaceful; slavery kept until 1888.

Criollos.

Any two: coal and iron; agricultural change; capital and markets (including from slavery and colonies); high wages and cheap coal; a stable state.

England pulled ahead of China's Yangzi Delta mainly because of coal and colonial resources.

Cheap British machine cloth and colonial policy took much of their market.

Political reforms, above all votes for all men, plus the secret ballot, payment of MPs, equal districts, no property requirement and annual Parliaments.

That cholera spread through contaminated water, by mapping deaths around the Broad Street pump.

Witnesses were selected by a reformer to persuade, but other evidence corroborates serious abuses.

Burke: conservatism. Smith: classical liberalism (free markets). Marx: socialism/communism (class struggle).

Serfdom abolished in Austrian lands; slavery abolished in French colonies; universal male suffrage in France.

Divisions between liberals and workers and among nationalities, and armies loyal to monarchs.

Cavour: Piedmont's prime minister who used diplomacy and war. Garibaldi: leader of the volunteer Redshirts who conquered Sicily and Naples.

Denmark (1864), Austria (1866), France (1870–71).

Canadian Confederation; the Indian National Congress; Meiji Japan; Zionism.

It banned importing enslaved people and freed children born to enslaved mothers at 25, but did not free anyone already enslaved.

The enslavers (£20 million); the enslaved received nothing.

Any two: Mary Ann Shadd, Harriet Tubman, Josiah Henson.

Any two: quinine, steamboats, railways, the telegraph, machine guns and modern rifles.

Ethiopia defeated Italy in 1896 and stayed independent.

Leopold II; wild rubber, extracted through forced labour.

Company rule ended and the British Crown ruled directly (the Raj).

Any two: Hong Kong Island to Britain; five treaty ports; an indemnity; fixed tariffs.

Each name ("Mutiny", "War of Independence", "Rebellion") carries an interpretation and a perspective.

Any three: prefectures replace domains; end of samurai privileges; conscription; schools; railways and factories; the 1889 constitution.

Ottoman reforms (1839–1876) to centralize the state and make subjects equal before the law.

Japan's reformers had overthrown the old regime, while Qing reformers worked inside an old dynasty with a conservative court; China was also larger and devastated by the Taiping war.

As agreements to share the land and live as relatives, not to sell it.

A federal law controlling many aspects of First Nations' lives and aiming at assimilation.

The forced removal of the Cherokee (1838–1839), during which thousands died.

It applied ideas of evolution to societies to claim some peoples were "fitter", justifying racism and empire.

Grace Annie Lockhart's degree (1875) or Emily Stowe's licence to practise medicine (1880) and the Toronto Women's Literary Club (1876).

New Zealand (1893).

Depth, breadth, durability, revealing.

Checking a source by seeing what other reliable sources say about it and its author.

Sample: Imperialism was the most significant development of 1789–1900 because by 1900 it placed most of Africa and much of Asia under foreign rule, reshaping economies, borders and identities in ways that lasted well into the twentieth century. Any arguable thesis with reasons is acceptable.