Plants: Anatomy, Growth, and Function: Unit Review

Any three, e.g. food (wheat, canola, maple syrup), medicine (paclitaxel from Pacific yew), building materials (lumber), erosion control (shelterbelts), recreation (fall colours in parks), culture (manoomin, Three Sisters).

It uses criteria and evidence, includes costs as well as benefits, and ends with a reasoned judgement.

Charles Saunders: Marquis wheat; or Baldur Stefansson and Keith Downey: canola.

By osmosis: root cells have a higher solute concentration than soil water.

It blocks water moving through cell walls at the endodermis, forcing water and minerals through cell membranes so the plant controls what enters the xylem.

Mineral uptake is active transport, which needs ATP from respiration; waterlogged soil has too little oxygen.

Any two: xylem is dead and lignified, phloem is living; phloem has sieve plates and companion cells; xylem carries water up, phloem carries sugar both ways.

Secondary xylem (wood) toward the inside and secondary phloem toward the outside.

15.0 ÷ 60 = 0.25 cm per year.

That is where light is brightest, and palisade cells are packed with chloroplasts.

They take in K⁺, water follows by osmosis, and the swollen cells bow apart.

Tissue with large air spaces in plants of wet places (water lilies, cattails), for flotation and oxygen supply to roots.

4.0 × (40 ÷ 400) = 0.40 mm.

0.40 ÷ 8 = 0.050 mm = 50 µm.

Any two: pencil; large; no shading (stippling only); ruled, non-crossing labels; title and magnification or scale bar; draw only what you see.

Evaporation from leaves creates tension that pulls water up the xylem. Cohesion (hydrogen bonds) holds the water column together, and adhesion to xylem walls helps support it.

Any two: bright light, warm temperature, wind, low humidity.

π × 0.25 × 30 ≈ 23.6 mm³; ÷ 10 = 2.4 mm³/min.

Sucrose is actively loaded into sieve tubes; water follows by osmosis, raising pressure.

July: sink. May (sprouting seed potato): source.

86 ÷ 2.0 = 43 L.

Cotyledons (1 vs 2); leaf veins (parallel vs net); stem bundles (scattered vs ring); roots (fibrous vs taproot); flower parts (3s vs 4s or 5s).

Its flower parts are in threes, a more reliable feature (and DNA evidence agrees).

Monocots evolved from early dicot-like flowering plants.

Stigma, style, ovary (with ovules).

One + egg → zygote (2n); the other + two polar nuclei → endosperm (3n).

Ovary → fruit; ovule → seed.

It signals the aleurone layer to make amylase, which breaks starch into sugars.

A period of cold, moist conditions that breaks dormancy.

27 ÷ 30 × 100% = 90%.

Apples don't come true from seed; grafting makes clones that keep the variety exactly.

Roots form most easily at nodes.

No genetic variation, so one disease can wipe out the whole crop.

Ripening: ethylene. Closing stomata: abscisic acid. Apical dominance: auxin.

It removes the source of auxin, so lateral buds are no longer suppressed.

Cytokinin.

Auxin moves to the shaded side; those cells elongate more, so the shoot bends toward the light.

Statoliths settle, auxin collects on the lower side, and in roots this inhibits elongation, so the upper side grows faster and the root curves down.

The tip detects light; bending happens lower down, so a signal travels from the tip.

Nitrogen.

10% of 4.0 kg = 0.40 kg (400 g).

Sand: drains fast, retains little. Clay: drains slowly, retains a lot.

IV: soil type. DV: bean height after 3 weeks. Controlled: e.g. bean variety, pot size, water volume, light, temperature.

22.6 ÷ 4 = 5.65 → 5.7 cm (to 0.1 cm).

Only with a known cause unrelated to the IV, and the exclusion must be reported.

Any two: legumes add nitrogen; pests that specialize on one crop decline; less fertilizer and pesticide; better soil with cover crops.

Corn: pole; beans: climb and fix nitrogen; squash: shades soil, keeps moisture, blocks weeds.

They grow true and preserve genetic diversity that may be needed for future conditions.

Pioneers' shade stops their own seedlings; shade-tolerant seedlings grow underneath and take over.

Any two: serotinous cones (jack pine), root suckers (aspen), wind-blown seeds (fireweed), resprouting shrubs (blueberries).

Any two: habitat structure, food, shelter, soil building, microclimate, helping recovery after disturbance.