Canada, 1945–1982: Unit Review

1946–1965. Consequences include crowded schools in the 1950s, new universities in the 1960s, a teen market and, later, an ageing population.

3.4 ÷ 18.2 ≈ 0.19, so about 19 percent.

Newfoundlanders voted for Confederation (about 52 percent) in the second 1948 referendum, led by Joey Smallwood; it was close, and many mourned the loss of Newfoundland's independence.

His 1945 defection with documents proved Soviet spying in Canada, turning Western opinion against the USSR.

NATO (1949): a Western military alliance of North American and European countries. NORAD (1957–58): joint Canada–U.S. air defence of North America.

No: it is propaganda designed to persuade. It is good evidence of Cold War fears and attitudes in Canada.

He proposed the UN Emergency Force to separate the armies while the invaders withdrew; he won the 1957 Nobel Peace Prize.

Independent: no combat troops in Vietnam; recognizing China in 1970. Following: NORAD; accepting nuclear warheads in 1963.

A country that is not a superpower but uses diplomacy, alliances and international organizations to have influence.

Its high cost, and the shift from bombers to missiles as the main threat.

It improved communication, but most programs were in English, threatening Inuktitut; Inuit responded with the Inuit Broadcasting Corporation (1981).

Stricter drug testing and approval rules.

All workers covered by a union contract pay dues, but no one is forced to join (1946).

High inflation plus slow growth and unemployment; oil price shocks in 1973 and 1979 were major causes.

They felt Ottawa was taking control of and revenue from their province's oil to keep prices low for other regions.

Cooperation: the St. Lawrence Seaway, the Auto Pact or NORAD. Tension: the Cuban Missile Crisis delay, Vietnam, the Nixon surcharge or acid rain.

Removed tariffs on new cars and parts traded by car companies, with guarantees for Canadian production.

Flooded Ontario riverside villages and the Mohawk communities of Akwesasne and Kahnawà:ke.

Any three: family allowance (raising children), UI (job loss), OAS/GIS and CPP/QPP (old age), medicare and hospital insurance (illness), Canada Assistance Plan (poverty).

His CCF government in Saskatchewan introduced universal hospital insurance (1947) and laid the groundwork for Saskatchewan medicare (1962), the model for national medicare.

Women doing unpaid work at home (no CPP pension of their own) or some Indigenous families (family allowance's school attendance rule was used to pressure families).

1962: most racial discrimination removed. 1967: the points system scored applicants on education, skills, age, language and other factors.

A separate refugee category and private sponsorship.

Québécois: it made French Canadians one ethnic group among many. Indigenous: First Nations, Inuit and Métis are nations with inherent rights, not ethnic groups.

Through campaigns like Hugh Burnett's National Unity Association in Dresden, union activism and coalitions; the laws banned discrimination in hiring and in services to the public.

Discrimination in housing, jobs and policing continued in practice; enforcement was slow.

Her 1946 resistance to segregation at the Roseland Theatre exposed segregation in Nova Scotia; she was pardoned in 2010 and featured on the $10 bill in 2018.

Halifax relocated its residents and demolished the Black community between 1964 and 1970; the city apologized in 2010.

Change: women's share in paid work roughly doubled; new laws on equal pay and maternity benefits. Continuity: pay gap; most unpaid housework (the double day).

A 1967 federal inquiry chaired by Florence Bird; its 1970 report made 167 recommendations.

A First Nations woman lost status if she married a man without status (men did not); Mary Two-Axe Earley, Jeannette Corbiere Lavell, the Tobique women and Sandra Lovelace fought it.

Government support for culture, including the National Library and the Canada Council for the Arts (1957).

A song counts as Canadian content if it meets 2 of 4: Music, Artist, Performance, Lyrics.

For example: Norval Morrisseau (Woodland style), Kenojuak Ashevak (The Enchanted Owl), Daphne Odjig or Bill Reid.

Economic inequality for francophones in English-owned businesses; Church-run institutions that no longer fit an urban society; challenges like Refus global and the Asbestos Strike.

The 1962 Liberal slogan for nationalizing private power companies into Hydro-Québec.

The B and B Commission (1963) and the Official Languages Act (1969).

Supporters say the government faced an uncertain threat and Quebec asked for help; critics say about 500 people were arrested, most never charged, for a tiny FLQ.

Made French the language of government, work and business in Quebec, required French-only signs and French schools for children of newcomers.

59.56% No, 40.44% Yes; Trudeau promised renewed federalism.

The mass removal of Indigenous children from their families by child welfare agencies, from the 1950s into the 1980s.

In 1953 and 1955, Inuit families were moved from Inukjuak (and Pond Inlet) to Grise Fiord and Resolute; promises of return were broken; Canada apologized in 2010.

His 1966 death after running away from a residential school, reported nationally in 1967, made many Canadians aware of the schools.

It would have ended the Indian Act, status and treaties and transferred services to provinces, completing assimilation instead of recognizing First Nations as nations with rights.

Six of seven Supreme Court judges agreed Aboriginal title existed in law, leading to a federal land claims policy.

It recognizes and affirms existing aboriginal and treaty rights of Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples; it was won through organizing such as the Constitution Express and protests after it was dropped in November 1981.

Unilateral patriation was legal but broke a convention requiring substantial provincial consent.

It was left out of the overnight Kitchen Accord, did not get a veto, and its National Assembly rejected the deal.

Section 33: a legislature can make a law operate despite certain Charter rights for five years at a time (renewable).