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B. Biology: Tissues, Organs, and Systems of Living Things · Tissues, Organs, and Systems of Living Things

Tissues, Organs, and Systems of Living Things: Unit Review

A1.1 A1.2 A1.3 A1.4 A1.5 A1.6 A1.7 A1.8 A1.9 A1.10 A1.11 A1.12 A1.13 A2.1 A2.2 B1.1 B1.2 B1.3 B2.1 B2.2 B2.3 B2.4 B2.5 B2.6 B2.7 B3.1 B3.2 B3.3 B3.4 B3.5About 40 minutes
Learning goals
  • I can explain the cell cycle, mitosis and cancer, and calculate with microscope and cell-count data.
  • I can explain how cell specialization builds tissues, organs and systems in animals and plants.
  • I can describe the main functions of animal and plant systems and how they interact.
  • I can evaluate medical technologies, ethical issues and public health strategies using evidence.

Words to know

mitosis
Division of the nucleus into two identical nuclei: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.
cell specialization
The process by which a cell develops a particular structure and function.
tissue
A group of similar cells working together.
organ
A structure made of several tissues working together for a function.
organ system
A group of organs working together for a major function.
homeostasis
Keeping internal conditions steady.
xylem / phloem
Plant vascular tissues that carry water and minerals / sugars.
community immunity
Protection of a population when enough people are immune.

Let's review!

In this unit you followed life from a single cell to a whole organism. You measured cells under the microscope, learned how the cell cycle and mitosis copy cells, saw what happens when division runs out of control in cancer, and how stem cells and meristems specialize into new tissues. You built up from specialized cells to the four animal tissues, then studied the digestive, respiratory and circulatory systems and how all the systems work together. You did the same for plants: tissues, roots, stems, leaves and chloroplasts, and the partnership of the root and shoot systems. Finally, you looked at the technology and society side: dissection, medical imaging, ethics, public health and disease research.

This review has a few questions from every lesson. Try each one, then press Show answer to check.

How to use this review

Do one or two sections at a time rather than all at once. Write your answer (or say it out loud) before you check. For every question you miss, write down why: a vocabulary word you mixed up, a calculation step, or an idea you didn't understand. Then reread that lesson's explanation and worked examples, and redo its "Your turn" questions. Keep a calculator handy for the field-of-view, doubling, stage-timing, cardiac-output, ultrasound and immunity-threshold questions. Finish with the 10-question quiz.

ANIMAL examplePLANT examplecardiac muscle cellpalisade cellCELLcardiac muscle tissuepalisade mesophyllTISSUEheartleafORGANcirculatory systemshoot systemORGAN SYSTEMhumanmaple treeORGANISM
The big idea of the unit: levels of organization. Specialized cells form tissues, tissues form organs, organs form systems, and systems form an organism, in animals and in plants.
Cell divisioncell cycle, mitosis, cancerSpecializationstem cells, meristemsTissuesanimal: 4 types; plant: 4 typesAnimal systemsdigestive, respiratory, circulatorySystems interacthomeostasis; roots + shootsPlant organsroots, stems, leavesTechnology + societyimaging, ethicsHealthpublic health, disease research
How the parts of this unit connect. Cell division and specialization build tissues; tissues build organs and systems; systems interact to keep the organism alive; and technology and public health help us study and protect those systems.
Just for fun

Why did the biology student bring a ladder to the unit review?

To climb all the levels of organization: cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism. (She skipped the stairs because they had no mitochondria.)

Cells Up Close

1

Name two structures found in plant cells but not animal cells, and give the function of each.

2

The field of view at 40× is 4.5 mm. Find it at 400× in micrometres.

3

About 6 cells fit across a 450 µm field. Estimate the size of one cell.

The Cell Cycle

1

What happens during S phase?

2

In which stage of mitosis do sister chromatids move to opposite poles?

3

How does cytokinesis differ in plant and animal cells?

Mitosis Under the Microscope

1

Why are onion root tips used to observe mitosis?

2

Of 250 cells, 10 are in metaphase. With a 25-hour cycle, how long is metaphase?

3

Give one source of error in counting cells in each stage.

Cancer

1

Give two ways cancer cells differ from normal cells.

2

One cell doubles every 2 days. How many cells after 14 days?

3

What is the difference between a benign and a malignant tumour?

Cell Specialization and Stem Cells

1

Why are cells with the same DNA different?

2

Compare pluripotent and multipotent stem cells, with an example of each.

3

What do the vascular cambium and apical meristems each do?

Specialized Animal Cells and Tissues

1

Name the four animal tissue types.

2

How does a neuron's structure fit its function?

3

A slide shows spindle-shaped cells with one nucleus and no stripes. What tissue is it?

The Digestive System

1

Where does protein digestion begin, and which enzyme starts it?

2

What does bile do?

3

How do villi help absorption?

The Respiratory System

1

Trace air from the trachea to the alveoli.

2

Explain how inhaling works using volume and pressure.

3

A person breathes 16 times a minute, 0.5 L each breath. How much air per minute?

The Circulatory System

1

Which chamber of the heart pumps blood to the body?

2

Why do veins have valves?

3

Heart rate 72 bpm, stroke volume 70 mL. Find the cardiac output.

Systems Working Together

1

Explain why the respiratory and circulatory systems depend on each other.

2

What is homeostasis?

3

Describe the negative feedback loop for blood glucose after a meal.

Plant Tissues, Organs and Systems

1

Compare xylem and phloem.

2

Name the four plant tissue types.

3

How can you tell a monocot stem from a dicot stem?

Leaves, Chloroplasts and Transport

1

Which leaf layer does most photosynthesis, and why?

2

What are grana and thylakoids?

3

Explain how the root system and shoot system depend on each other.

Dissection

1

Give two safety rules for dissection.

2

How many heart chambers do a fish, a frog and a human have?

3

Describe one interaction between organ systems you could observe in a dissection.

Medical Imaging

1

Which imaging technologies use ionizing radiation?

2

Which technology is best for a torn ligament, and why?

3

An ultrasound echo returns after 0.000 20 s. How deep is the boundary? (1540 m/s)

Ethics in Systems Biology

1

What is the difference between reproductive and therapeutic cloning?

2

Compare opt-in and deemed consent for organ donation.

3

Why is informed consent central to research ethics?

Public Health Strategies

1

How do vaccines protect people?

2

Find the community immunity threshold for R₀ = 8.

3

Why does a positive screening test not mean a person definitely has cancer?

Researching a Disease

1

Name the five questions for evaluating a source.

2

How does atherosclerosis lead to a heart attack?

3

Compare how TMV and wheat rust spread.

Check your understanding

Quiz

1.

Which shows the correct levels of organization from smallest to largest?

2.

A cell shows chromosomes lined up across its middle. Which stage is it in?

3.

The field of view at 100× is 1.8 mm. What is it at 400×?

4.

Which feature lets cancer cells pile up in a dish?

5.

Which tissue type are bone, blood and fat?

6.

Where are most nutrients absorbed?

7.

Gas exchange in the lungs happens by...

8.

Which vascular tissue carries sugar from leaves to roots?

9.

Which imaging technology uses sound and is preferred during pregnancy?

10.

A disease has R₀ = 5. What share of people must be immune to stop its spread?

For parents and teachers

How to use the results: look at which section's questions your teen missed, and send them back to that lesson.

  • Mistakes with organelles, magnification or field of view → Cells Up Close.
  • Mixing up stages of mitosis, chromosomes and chromatids → The Cell Cycle and Mitosis Under the Microscope.
  • Errors in stage-timing, mitotic index or doubling calculations → Mitosis Under the Microscope and Cancer.
  • Confusing stem cell types or meristems → Cell Specialization and Stem Cells.
  • Mixing up tissue types or muscle types → Specialized Animal Cells and Tissues.
  • Errors about enzymes, bile or villi → The Digestive System.
  • Confusing breathing with cellular respiration, or pressure/volume → The Respiratory System.
  • Heart pathway, vessel types or cardiac output → The Circulatory System.
  • Describing systems separately instead of interacting, or feedback loops → Systems Working Together.
  • Xylem/phloem, plant tissues or stems → Plant Tissues, Organs and Systems.
  • Leaf layers, chloroplasts, transpiration → Leaves, Chloroplasts and Transport.
  • Dissection safety or comparing animals → Dissection.
  • Imaging choices or echo calculations → Medical Imaging.
  • Weak ethical arguments or biased sources → Ethics in Systems Biology and Researching a Disease.
  • Vaccines, screening, thresholds → Public Health Strategies.

Tip: for any calculation error, ask your teen to write out each step with units; most mistakes are unit conversions (mm and µm, mL and L, cm and m) or forgetting to halve an echo distance.