Canada's Physical Environment: Landforms, Climate, Hazards and People: Unit Review

Causal (it asks why).

63.7 − 44.6 = 19.1°; 19.1 × 111 ≈ 2120 km.

Mercator enlarges areas toward the poles, so northern countries like Canada look much bigger than they are compared with countries near the equator.

Igneous and metamorphic (Precambrian) rock.

Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic.

Layer 1, layer 2, the dike, then layer 3 (superposition and cross-cutting).

Juan de Fuca Ridge (divergent), Cascadia Subduction Zone (convergent), Queen Charlotte Fault (transform).

About 32 × 32 ≈ 1000 times.

Intraplate earthquakes: stress in the North American Plate reactivates old weak faults in the crust.

An esker is a long, winding ridge of sorted sand and gravel left by a meltwater river in the ice; a moraine is a ridge of unsorted till left at the edge of a glacier.

From north to south.

Isostatic rebound: the crust is springing back after the weight of the ice sheet was removed.

Interior Plains, Hudson Bay Lowlands, Arctic Lowlands and Great Lakes–St. Lawrence Lowlands.

They are much older and have been eroded far longer.

Hudson Bay Lowlands.

Hudson Bay (via the Saskatchewan River, Lake Winnipeg and the Nelson River).

Outside (where the water flows fastest).

11 000 m ÷ 12 500 years ≈ 0.88 m per year.

36 °C; continental.

2000 m higher → 13 °C cooler → about 7 °C.

It is in a rain shadow: moist Pacific air drops its precipitation on the windward slopes and sinks and warms on the leeward side.

Cold Arctic air from the north (cold snaps, storms).

Milder winters (a tendency, not a guarantee).

Warming melts bright ice, exposing dark water and land that absorb more sunlight, causing more warming and more melting.

Grassland roots add lots of humus, and modest precipitation keeps nutrients in the topsoil.

Sample: permafrost → buildings on piles; or sea ice and distance → supplies by air and summer sealift, making goods expensive.

The Mixedwood Plains: fertile soil, a mild climate for Canada, flat land, and the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence for water and transportation.

Floods.

1 − 0.99³⁰ ≈ 0.26, about 26%.

Hazard data vary a lot from year to year; a trend needs many years of data (for example, comparing multi-year averages).

Hazard, exposure and vulnerability.

72-hour kit: preparedness. Floodway: mitigation.

Sample: fairness: a response that protects one group but shifts risk onto another (often more vulnerable) group is unjust and may not reduce overall harm.

Higher peak flow and shorter lag time: water runs off faster and all at once.

0.02 × 10 000 = 200 m³ of rain; 55% = 110 m³.

Sample: sediment is trapped in the reservoir, so downstream areas get less sediment and smaller natural floods (as with the Peace–Athabasca Delta after the W.A.C. Bennett Dam).

About twice as fast (northern Canada about three times).

Disagreement over whether the Northwest Passage is Canadian internal waters or an international strait (Arctic sovereignty).

Melting land ice (glaciers and ice sheets); floating sea ice already displaces its weight of water.

Green roofs: both (adaptation and some mitigation); electric buses: mitigation; cooling centres: adaptation.

An action meant to reduce climate risk that increases harm, such as a seawall that worsens erosion next door.

To insulate and protect the permafrost so the road does not sink.

Any four: economic, ecological, cultural/spiritual, recreational/aesthetic, scientific, intrinsic.

Sample: Thaidene Nëné (Łutsël K'é Dene First Nation, 2019); Gwaii Haanas co-management with the Haida Nation; Indigenous Guardians; Josephine Mandamin's water walks.

A stakeholder has an interest; a rights holder has legal or constitutional rights in the decision, such as First Nations, Métis and Inuit with Aboriginal and treaty rights.

Any two: 5¢ beaver, 10¢ Bluenose, 25¢ caribou, $1 loon, $2 polar bear.

They often show the land as empty wilderness, leaving out the Indigenous peoples whose homelands these are.

Any one: Who made it and why? Who is the audience? What is shown and what is left out? What does it say about Canada?

Title, orientation, date, author, legend, scale, source (TODALSS).

Primary.

It directly answers the inquiry question with a clear thesis, supports it with evidence from several credible sources, addresses other perspectives and is communicated clearly with citations.